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🧠 Neuroscience
Foundations
Neuroanatomy
Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience
Systems Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience
Brain-Computer Interface
Neurotech Frontiers
Neuro Disorders
Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience
Neuron — The Basic Unit of the Nervous System
Synapse — Chemical / Electrical Junctions Between Neurons
Action Potential — The Neuron's Digital Signal
Hodgkin-Huxley Equations — Biophysical Neuron Model
Neurotransmitters — Glutamate, GABA, DA, 5-HT, ACh, etc.
LTP / LTD — Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity, Cellular Basis of Learning & Memory
Ion Channels — The Brain's "Transistors"
Glia — Beyond "Support Cells"
Dendrites
Membrane Potential — Foundation of Neuronal Electrical Signals
Neurotransmitter Receptors
Second Messengers & Signal Transduction
Synaptic Vesicle Cycle
Myelination
Neurotrophins
Axonal Transport
Neuron Types & Cell Taxonomy
Gap Junctions & Electrical Synapses
Astrocyte Function
Activity-Dependent Gene Expression
Table of Contents
1. Chemical Synapse Structure
1.1 Pre-synaptic Side
1.2 Synaptic Cleft
1.3 Post-synaptic Side
2. Synaptic Transmission Step-by-step
3. EPSP vs IPSP
3.1 Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP)
3.2 Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)
3.3 Summation
4. Synaptic Plasticity — Cellular Mechanism of Learning
4.1 LTP (Long-Term Potentiation)
4.2 LTD (Long-Term Depression)
4.3 STDP (Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity)
4.4 vs AI Backprop
5. Electrical Synapse (Gap Junction)
6. Synapse Count and Connectivity
7. PyTorch — Synapse Model
8. Synaptic Defects / Pathology
9. Modern Research Tools
10. Common Pitfalls
10.1 Synapse "Static" Misconception
10.2 Excitatory-Only Focus
10.3 Count = Function Misconception
10.4 Not Simple Mapping to AI Weights
10.5 Glia Participate
11. Related Concepts
References