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🧠 Neuroscience
Foundations
Neuroanatomy
Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience
Systems Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience
Brain-Computer Interface
Neurotech Frontiers
Neuro Disorders
Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience
Neuron — The Basic Unit of the Nervous System
Synapse — Chemical / Electrical Junctions Between Neurons
Action Potential — The Neuron's Digital Signal
Hodgkin-Huxley Equations — Biophysical Neuron Model
Neurotransmitters — Glutamate, GABA, DA, 5-HT, ACh, etc.
LTP / LTD — Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity, Cellular Basis of Learning & Memory
Ion Channels — The Brain's "Transistors"
Glia — Beyond "Support Cells"
Dendrites
Membrane Potential — Foundation of Neuronal Electrical Signals
Neurotransmitter Receptors
Second Messengers & Signal Transduction
Synaptic Vesicle Cycle
Myelination
Neurotrophins
Axonal Transport
Neuron Types & Cell Taxonomy
Gap Junctions & Electrical Synapses
Astrocyte Function
Activity-Dependent Gene Expression
Table of Contents
1. Signaling Cascade
2. Major Second Messengers
3. Gs/Gi/Gq Pathways
4. PyTorch — Cascade Amplification
5. Ca²⁺ — Universal Second Messenger
6. Relation to Learning Memory — CREB
7. Retrograde Messengers + Diffusion
8. Pharmacology / Clinical
9. Relation to AI
10. Common Pitfalls
10.1 Second Messengers = Slow and Minor
10.2 Ca²⁺ Single Effect
10.3 cAMP Only Excites
10.4 Short-term = Long-term Same Mechanism
10.5 Signaling Linear
11. Related Concepts
References