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Neurotech Frontiers
Optogenetics — Light-Controlled Neurons
fMRI and BOLD Signal
TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
Neuralink — High-Density Invasive BCI
EEG — Scalp Electroencephalography
Calcium Imaging
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tDCS / tACS / tRNS)
Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Optogenetics — Advanced & Variants
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)
Neuropixels — High-Density Silicon Probes
Diffusion Tensor Imaging & Tractography
Chemogenetics / DREADD
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Patch Clamp
Brain Organoids
CNS Gene Therapy
Closed-Loop Neuromodulation
Table of Contents
1. Principle
2. Key Metrics
3. Tractography
4. PyTorch — Tensor Fit + FA
5. Crossing Fiber Problem
6. Applications
7. vs Microscale Connectome
8. Limitations + Pitfalls
9. Relation to AI
10. Common Pitfalls
10.1 Tractography = Real Axon Tracts
10.2 FA↓ = Axon Damage
10.3 Shows Directionality (A→B)
10.4 Single Tensor Sufficient
10.5 = Single-Neuron Connectome
11. Related Concepts
References